PSA (Prob. Solving Aptitude)

PSA (Prob. Solving Aptitude)

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is focused, careful analysis of something to better understand it. When people speak of “left brain” activity, they are usually referring to critical thinking. Here are some of the main critical-thinking abilities:

• Analyzing is breaking something down into its parts, examining each part, and noting how the parts fit together.
• Arguing is using a series of statements connected logically together, backed by evidence, to reach a conclusion.
• Classifying is identifying the types or groups of something, showing how each category is distinct from the others.
• Comparing and contrasting is pointing out the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.
• Defining is explaining the meaning of a term using denotation, connotation, example, etymology, synonyms, and antonyms.
• Describing is explaining the traits of something, such as size, shape, weight, color, use, origin, value, condition, location, and so on.
• Evaluating is deciding on the worth of something by comparing it against an accepted standard of value.
• Explaining is telling what something is or how it works so that others can understand it.
• Problem solving is analyzing the causes and effects of a problem and finding a way to stop the causes or the effects.
• Tracking cause and effect is determining why something is happening and what results from it.

Creative Thinking

Creative thinking is expansive, open-ended invention and discovery of possibilities. When people speak of “right brain” activity, they most often mean creative thinking. Here are some of the more common creative thinking abilities:

• Brainstorming ideas involves asking a question and rapidly listing all answers, even those that are far-fetched, impractical, or impossible.
• Creating something requires forming it by combining materials, perhaps according to a plan or perhaps based on the impulse of the moment.
• Designing something means finding the conjunction between form and function and shaping materials for a specific purpose.
• Entertaining others involves telling stories, making jokes, singing songs, playing games, acting out parts, and making conversation.
• Imagining ideas involves reaching into the unknown and impossible, perhaps idly or with great focus, as Einstein did with his thought experiments.
• Improvising a solution involves using something in a novel way to solve a problem.
• Innovating is creating something that hasn’t existed before, whether an object, a procedure, or an idea.
• Overturning something means flipping it to get a new perspective, perhaps by redefining givens, reversing cause and effect, or looking at something in a brand new way.
• Problem solving requires using many of the creative abilities listed here to figure out possible solutions and putting one or more of them into action.
• Questioning actively reaches into what is unknown to make it known, seeking information or a new way to do something.

Inquire teaches specific strategies for developing creative thinking skills.

Communicating

Communicating is the process of transferring a thought from one mind to others and, in return, receiving thoughts back. Communicating allows minds to tune to each other, thinking together. Here are some of the basic abilities required for communicating:

• Analyzing the situation means thinking about the subject, purpose, sender, receiver, medium, and context of a message.
• Choosing a medium involves deciding the most appropriate way to deliver a message, ranging from a face-to-face chat to a 400-page report.
• Evaluating messages means deciding whether they are correct, complete, reliable, authoritative, and up-to-date.
• Following conventions means communicating using the expected norms for the medium chosen.
• Listening actively requires carefully paying attention, taking notes, asking questions, and otherwise engaging in the ideas being communicated.
• Reading is decoding written words and images in order to understand what their originator is trying to communicate.
• Speaking involves using spoken words, tone of voice, body language, gestures, facial expressions, and visual aids in order to convey ideas.
• Turn taking means effectively switching from receiving ideas to providing ideas, back and forth between those in the communication situation.
• Using technology requires understanding the abilities and limitations of any technological communication, from phone calls to e-mails to instant messages.
• Writing involves encoding messages into words, sentences, and paragraphs for the purpose of communicating to a person who is removed by distance, time, or both.